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Nationalist Party (Malta)

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Nationalist Party
Partit Nazzjonalista
AbbreviationPN
LeaderBernard Grech
Deputy leaderAlex Perici Calascione
FounderFortunato Mizzi[a]
Founded1926; 98 years ago (1926)
Merger ofMaltese Political Union
Democratic Nationalist Party
HeadquartersId-Dar Ċentrali,
Triq Herbert Ganado,
Pietà
NewspaperIn-Nazzjon
Youth wingMŻPN
IdeologyChristian democracy
Conservatism
Historical:
Italophilia
Nationalism
Political positionCentre-right
ReligionRoman Catholicism
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
International affiliation
Colours  Blue
Anthem"Sbejħa Patrija"
("Beautiful Fatherland")[1]
Parliament of Malta
35 / 79
European Parliament
3 / 6
Mayors of localities
24 / 68
Local council seats
208 / 462
Party flag
Flag of the Nationalist Party
Website
pn.org.mt

The Nationalist Party (Maltese: Partit Nazzjonalista, PN) is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Malta, along with the Labour Party.

It is a Christian democratic,[2][3] and conservative political party,[4][5] and it has been also described as centrist[6] or centre-right on the political spectrum.[7][8] It is supportive of Malta's membership in the European Union.[9] It is currently in opposition to the Labour Party. Since independence in 1964, the Nationalist Party has won six out of the thirteen general elections, in 1966, 1987, 1992, 1998 and 2003. In 2008 it won with a paper-thin majority of around 1500 votes.[10]

History

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Foundation and early years (1880–1918)

[edit]
Dar id-Djalogu, now Nationalist Party club of Safi, Malta

The Nationalist Party's roots lie in the important language question of the late 19th century, when the colonial government in Malta tried to give the English language the importance Italian had held in schools, administration, and law courts. Fortunato Mizzi, who was a lawyer at the time, strongly opposed these reforms, and in 1880, he set up the "Partito Anti-Riformista" (Anti-Reform Party).[11] He and his followers also wanted a better constitution for the island, as the one imposed at the time had been granted by governor Richard More O'Ferrall in 1849, and gave the Maltese little power.[citation needed] This was because the governor was to appoint more members to the council of government than there were to be elected by the voters.[citation needed]

Against the Anti-Reform Party stood the Reform Party, founded by Sigismondo Savona in 1879. The Reform Party was in favour of the language reforms being imposed.[citation needed]

In 1886, Fortunato Mizzi, together with Gerald Strickland (another anti-reformist at the time), went to London to demand a new constitution for the islands, which would give them representative government.[citation needed] This constitution was granted in 1887 (known as the Knutsford Constitution), and added more elected members to the council of government than official (appointed) members.[citation needed]

During the next few years, the party was divided between abstentionists and anti-abstentionists.[citation needed] The abstentionists would immediately resign their post in the Council of Government immediately upon election as a protest against the token representation of the electorate on the council; the anti-abstentionists favoured co-operation with the colonial authorities in order to work for a better constitution.[citation needed]

This practice of abstentionism led to the 1887 constitution being withdrawn, and in 1903, a new one was given instead, similar to that of 1887.[citation needed]

Interwar period (1918–39)

[edit]
Tri-lingual voting document for the later cancelled 1930 elections in Malta

Following the First World War a broader and more moderate coalition, the Maltese Political Union (UPM), was formed but a more radical and pro-Italian group, the Democratic Nationalist Party (PDN), split from the main party.[citation needed] The two groups contested the first legislative elections of 1921 but in separate constituencies so as not to damage each other's chances. However, after elections the UPM, which emerged as the largest Party in the Legislative Assembly, chose Labour as its coalition partner.[citation needed]

The parties again contested the 1924 elections separately although this time they did form a coalition, eventually merging in 1926 under the old name of Nationalist Party.[citation needed] It lost its first elections as a re-unified Party in 1927 to the "Compact", an electoral alliance between the Constitutional Party and Labour.[citation needed]

A constitutional crisis, resulting from a dispute between the Church and the Constitutional Party, meant that elections were suspended in 1930.[citation needed] They were held again in 1932 when the Nationalists emerged victorious (21 seats out of 32). However, the Nationalists did not last long in government.[citation needed] The colonial authorities, concerned at the rise of fascist Italy in the Mediterranean and Africa, suspended the government and the constitution on the pretext that government's measures to strengthen instruction of Italian in schools violated the Constitution.[citation needed]

The party openly sided with General Franco's Nationalist army in the Spanish Civil War.[12] This is still seen by the historical iconography that stayed on the party, including the proto-Fascist imagery of the party logo is a shield set against a black background (black being the heraldic colour chosen by Mussolini, as evidenced by his "Blackshirts"), the PN's official anthem, which is still sung during mass meetings, being similar to the official anthem of Mussolini's Fascist party, "La Giovinezza", and also the name of the party itself, which in itself includes the term nazionale for the first time, which was inspired by Italian nationalism.[13][failed verification]

The Second World War and postwar period (1939–64)

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The Nationalists received what could have been their coup de grâce during the War. Their association with Italy, the wartime enemy, antagonised them with the electorate, and their leader Enrico Mizzi (son of Fortunato) was first interned and then exiled to Uganda during the War along with other supporters of the Party.[14] The Party did not even contest the 1945 elections for the Council of Government which for the first time raised the Labour Party from third-party status to that of a major party at the expense of the Constitutionals.[citation needed]

Notwithstanding, the Nationalist Party survived and in its first major electoral test, the legislative elections of 1947, it managed to stay ahead of various splinters that had formed from people who did not want to be associated with the main party. In the following 1950 elections, a very damaging split occurred in the ranks of the governing Labour Party resulting in two parties: the Malta Labour Party (MLP) and the Malta Workers' Party (MWP). This helped the Nationalists become the largest party in the Legislative Assembly and form a minority government which, though short-lived, re-established the Nationalist Party as a major political party. Enrico Mizzi was sworn in as Prime Minister, but died after three months in December.[11]

Two subsequent elections were held in 1951 and 1953 where the Nationalists formed short-lived coalitions with the Malta Workers Party (which, over the years, eventually disintegrated). The Party lost the 1955 elections to Labour and the following years it led the campaign against the Labour Government's proposal for integration with Britain. Integration failed largely because Britain lost interest after the Suez fiasco and the constitution was again revoked in 1958 following massive disturbances over redundancies at the Malta Drydocks.[11]

Post-independence (1964–2013)

[edit]
"Vote PN" graffiti in Strait street, Valletta, 1980
Nationalist Party club in the square of Marsaxlokk

A new constitution was enacted in 1961. The Nationalists, led by George Borg Olivier won the 1962 elections, fought largely over the issue of independence and having as a backdrop a second politico-religious crisis this time between the Church and the Labour Party. Independence was achieved in 1964 and the Party was returned to office in elections in 1966. It lost the 1971 elections by a narrow margin and lost again in 1976.[11]

In the elections of 1981 the party, led by Eddie Fenech Adami achieved an absolute majority of votes for the first time since 1933 but it did not gain a parliamentary majority and so remained in the opposition.[citation needed] A crisis followed with the party MPs refusing to take their seats. Amendments to the constitution in 1987 meant that the party was voted into office that same year after 16 years in opposition.[citation needed]

In 1990 the government formally applied to join the European Community.[citation needed] A wide-ranging programme of liberalisation and public investments meant the return to office with a larger majority in 1992.[citation needed] However, the party was defeated in the 1996 elections.[citation needed] The stint in opposition would last only 22 months as the government soon lost its one-seat majority. The party won the 1998 elections convincingly, a feat that was repeated in 2003 following the conclusions of accession negotiations with the European Union in 2002.

The Nationalist Party proposed Malta's accession to the European Union, a question which was put forward in the 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum.[15] Those in favour were 53% of eligible voters, a result that prompted the 2003 snap election in order to confirm the mandate.[16][17] Malta joined the European Union in 2004.[18]

The Nationalist Party won narrowly the general election of 2008.[19] It lost the 2013 election and is currently in opposition.[20][21]

Opposition period (since 2013)

[edit]

After the most recent Nationalist government, led by Lawrence Gonzi, lost its majority in parliament in the final year of the legislature, the same government fell when the budget vote (also a vote of confidence) was defeated, thus meaning it was the first Nationalist government since Independence to fall from power.[22]

After approximately 23 years in government (With Labour's short 2-year stint between 1996 and 1998 being in between two stints of PN governance) the Nationalist Party took a major defeat in the Maltese general elections of 2013, losing several districts and resulting in a nine-seat deficit in parliament between it as the opposition and the elected Government. the win is considered to have been the biggest victory any party has had since Malta's Independence with the opposing Labour party taking 55% of the votes with a difference of 35,000 votes between the two parties.[23]

The Nationalist Party again suffered a loss in the European Parliament election of 2014 against the governing Labour Party by over 34,000 votes,[24] but managed to elect its third MEP for the first time since Malta's entrance in the EU, namely Roberta Metsola, David Casa and Therese Comodini Cachia.[25]

In the 2015 local council elections, the Nationalist Party increased its vote percentage from 41% in 2012 to 45%.[citation needed]

In the lead-up to the 2017 general election the Nationalist Party negotiated for a coalition with two never-elected third parties in Malta, all under the campaign Forza Nazzjonali: the newly formed centre-left Democratic Party (PD) and the green Democratic Alternative (AD). Under an agreement reached with PD leader and former Labour and Nationalist MP Marlene Farrugia, PD candidates contested the 2017 general election under the Nationalist banner with the added notation "tal-orange" (referring to the PD's party colour) and any elected PD members would participate in a future Nationalist-led government.[26] Negotiations with the AD were unsuccessful due to the AD wanting all three parties to run candidates under a new name, Qawsalla ("Rainbow"), with unified policy platforms rather than simply as Nationalists with an added notation.[27][28]

The Party formed a coalition list called Forza Nazzjonali together with the Democratic Party. Nevertheless, this was not successful and the party, under Forza Nazzjonali, was defeated again in the 2017 snap election.[29]

After the election, Simon Busuttil resigned from the position of leader of the party alongside the deputy leaders of his administration.[30] A new election for the leadership role was decided in which for the first time, paid PN supporters can vote as well as the executive. The four candidates in the first round were Adrian Delia, Chris Said, Alex Perici Calascione and Frank Portelli. Alex Perici Calascione and Frank Portelli were the two candidates who did not pass through the first phase. In the second round Adrian Delia emerged as the winner of the leadership election, in which he gained 7,734 votes (52.7% of the vote), to Said's 6,932 votes.[31]

In Adrian Delia's first European election as party leader in 2019 the party took an even bigger defeat than before, with a 43,000-vote difference separating the two parties. this would lead to the party losing another seat while the Labour party gained another seat.[32]

Former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta Louis Galea has suggested that the party rebrand, possibly under the new name People's National Party (Maltese: Partit Nazzjonali tal-Poplu), in order to avoid association with other contemporary "nationalist" parties in Europe, which tend to be positioned on the far-right.[33]

Roberta Metsola, a member of PN, was elected President of the European Parliament in January 2022 following the unexpected death of David Sassoli.

The Party would soon suffer its own internal crisis when Adrian Delia was voted out from his role as the leader of the party after the newsportal LovinMalta alleged that well informed sources told them that WhatsApp messages were sent between him and the alleged mastermind of Daphne Caruana Galizia's murder Yorgen Fenech.[34] This fact would soon be picked up by other MPs from the same party who would use it as a casus beli to vote Delia out of power. This would culminate with Bernard Grech emerging as a challenger to Adrian Delia, who would in turn be election as the new leader of the PN.[35] However, it would soon emerge that the WhatsApp leaks were very much greatly exaggerated by another MP Jason Azzopardi, who after Delia challenged Azzopardi to publish the hundreds of messages that he claimed to have with Fenech, would backtrack on his claim of Delia being in Fenech's pockets and signed a joint declaration in which they both reconciled.[36][37] in addition, LovinMalta would soon be taken to court on libel by Adrian Delia over the article, in which LovinMalta would then issue another article claiming that they did not verify the allegation made by the third party with Delia but verified that the allegation had been made. They also expressed regret that the article may have been misunderstood as an allegation of wrongdoing on the part of Delia.[38] As a result, Delia withdrew the libel case against them.

In the 2022 general election, the party was again rocked by the fact that 4 major PN politicians would not run, in addition one of these politicians Mario Galea would speak up against the part be saying that other politicians close to the PN leadership 'made my life hell' and “I was made a disposable commodity... People close to the leadership also called out my mental health,” [39] Because of these many revelations regarding internal party politics, the PN suffered its third consecutive defeat in the 2022 general election. in addition, this defeat was the biggest percentage of vote difference between the two parties since the 1951 general election.[40]

Ideology

[edit]

Malta's Nationalist Party emerged from the Anti-Reform Party founded by Fortunato Mizzi in 1883, opposing taxation policies decreed by the British authorities and measures to anglicise the educational and judiciary during the "Language Question" period.[41]

The party supported human rights, so long as they were in line with Roman Catholicism. In 2011 it was noted that its party platform was "far to the right of most other Christian Democratic parties, the Bavarian Christian Social Union in Germany included".[42] In the following years, the party moved towards more centrist positions and became more progressive. The Nationalist Party opposed the introduction of divorce in Malta in 2011.[43] However, since then, it has changed to a position of support for it and for other liberal ideas.

The Nationalist Party was the first party to have an openly gay MP, Karl Gouder, and Trans Candidate Alex Mangion. The majority of its parliamentary group voted in favour of gay marriage in 2017.[44] The party calls itself a mosaic of people and ideologies. The party recruited a non-binary member, Mark Josef Rapa, for their pro-LGBT group, FOIPN.

A clause in the party statute dating back to 1991 bans active or former Freemasons from taking active roles, including casting a democratic vote, within the parameters controlled by the party itself.[45]

Organization

[edit]

Leaders

[edit]

Prime Ministers

[edit]

Structure

[edit]

The party structures are the General, Executive and Administrative Councils, the Parliamentary Group, the District Fora and Sectional Committees, the College of Local Councillors and a number of party branches.[46]

Party officials include the Leader, two Deputy Leaders, Secretary-General, President of the Party's General Councils and Presidents for each of the Executive and Administrative Committees, Treasurer, International Secretary and Parliamentary Group Whip.[47]

The General Council is made up of delegates and representatives from other party structures, the largest number being delegates elected by the Sectional Committees.[48] The General Council elects and approves the Party Leader and two Deputy Leaders, approves the electoral programme, approves the Secretary-General's report on the state of the party and amends the Party Statute.[46] The executive committee is made up of the party's most senior officials, representatives of the General Council, the Parliamentary Group, Sectional Committees and the Party branches.[46] The executive committee is the political and policy making body of the Party and, amongst other things, elects most of the party officials, approves candidates, drafts the electoral programme and lays out the broad policy guidelines. The Administrative Committee is made up of party officials, Presidents of all of the party's branches and deals with organisational and administrative issues.[46]

The party is organised geographically in Sectional Committees which are then organised in District Fora with special provisions applying for Party organisation in Gozo.[49] The Parliamentary Group and the College of Local Councillors bring together the party's elected representatives in parliament and local councils. The party's branches include an equal opportunities section, as well as youth, women's, seniors, workers, professionals, entrepreneurs, local councillors, candidates and former MPs sections.[50]

Media holdings

[edit]

Although not directly part of the party's structure, the PN owns the television station NET Television, the online news portal netnews.com.mt, Net FM radio station, and the In-Nazzjon and Il-Mument newspapers through its holding company Media.link Communications.[51]

Party splits

[edit]

The party had two splits:[52]

Election results

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House of Representatives

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Rank Status
1927 Ugo Pasquale Mifsud 14,321 41.5
13 / 32
 Increase 13 Increase 2nd Opposition
1932 28,777 59.6
21 / 32
 Increase 8 Increase 1st Majority
1939 11,618 33.1
3 / 10
 Decrease 18 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1945 Enrico Mizzi did not contest
1947 19,041 18.0
7 / 40
 Increase 7 Increase 2nd Opposition
1950 31,431 29.6
12 / 40
 Increase 5 Increase 1st Minority
1951 George Borg Olivier 39,946 35.5
15 / 40
 Increase 3 Steady 1st Coalition
1953 45,180 38.1
18 / 40
 Increase 3 Decrease 2nd Coalition
1955 48,514 40.2
17 / 40
 Decrease 1 Steady 2nd Opposition
1962 48,514 40.2
25 / 50
 Increase 8 Increase 1st Minority
PN-PDN-PĦN-PCP
1966 68,656 47.9
28 / 50
 Increase 3 Steady 1st Majority
1971 80,753 48.1
27 / 55
 Decrease 1 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1976 99,551 48.5
31 / 65
 Increase 4 Steady 2nd Opposition
1981 Eddie Fenech Adami 114,132 50.9
31 / 65
 Steady 0 Steady 2nd Opposition
1987 119,721 50.9
35 / 69
 Increase 4 Increase 1st Majority
1992 127,932 51.8
34 / 65
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Majority
1996 124,864 47.8
34 / 69
 Steady 0 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1998 137,037 51.8
35 / 65
 Increase 1 Increase 1st Majority
2003 146,172 51.8
35 / 65
 Steady 0 Steady 1st Majority
2008 Lawrence Gonzi 143,468 49.3
35 / 69
 Steady 0 Steady 1st Majority
2013 132,426 43.3
30 / 69
 Decrease 5 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2017 Simon Busuttil 130,850 42.1
28 / 67
 Decrease 2 Steady 2nd Opposition
2022 Bernard Grech 123,233 41.7
35 / 79
 Increase 7 Steady 2nd Opposition

European Parliament

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Rank EP Group
2004 Lawrence Gonzi 97,688 39.8
2 / 5
 New Increase 2nd EPP-ED
2009 100,483 40.5
2 / 6
 Steady 0 Steady 2nd EPP
2014 Simon Busuttil 100,785 40.2
3 / 6
 Increase 1 Steady 2nd
2019 Adrian Delia 98,611 37.9
2 / 6
 Decrease 1 Steady 2nd
2024 Bernard Grech 109,351 42.0
3 / 6
 Increase 1 Steady 2nd

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mizzi is the founder of the Partito Democratico Nazionalista and not of the pre-merger Partito Nazionale or the post-merger Partit Nazzjonalista, however Mizzi is accepted as the spiritual founder of the PDN and PN.
  1. ^ Grech Urpani, David (1 May 2007). "Every Song You'll Hear At Today's Mass Meetings". www.lovinmalta.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  2. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Malta". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  3. ^ Hans Slomp (30 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. pp. 683–. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  4. ^ Balmer, Crispian (20 October 2017). "Death of a blogger casts shadow over murky Malta". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  5. ^ Khan, Mehreen (18 January 2022). "Malta's Roberta Metsola elected president of European parliament". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  6. ^ Fuller, Thomas; Tribune, International Herald (19 April 2004). "A pivotal role envisaged on EU's southern flank". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Malta to hold parliamentary election on March 26". Reuters. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Centre-left wins Maltese election". POLITICO. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  9. ^ Jon P. Mitchell (2002). Ambivalent Europeans: Ritual, Memory and the Public Sphere in Malta. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. ISBN 9780415271530. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ a b c d "Melita Historica Review - Malta Historical Society. 6(1972)1(99-100). Book - Anon: L-Istorja tal-Partit Nazzjonalista. Lux Press, Malta, 1972". Maltahistory.eu5.net.
  12. ^ Cassar, Anton (1987). Il-Gwerra Civili Ta' Spanja. Sensiela Kotba Socjalisti. p. 154.
  13. ^ "Requiem for a party's Fascist roots". MaltaToday.com.mt. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Maltese deported to Uganda (1)". Times of Malta. 4 March 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  15. ^ "Malta first in EU referendum race". 29 January 2003.
  16. ^ "CNN.com - Malta votes 'yes' to EU membership - Mar. 9, 2003". CNN. 13 March 2003. Archived from the original on 13 March 2003. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  17. ^ "CNN.com - Malta PM hopes to ride EU success - Mar. 10, 2003". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  18. ^ "EU still 'digesting' 2004 enlargement five years on". May 2009.
  19. ^ "Nationalist supporters celebrate a narrow victory". 9 March 2008.
  20. ^ "Labour returns to power in Malta after 15 years". BBC News. 10 March 2013.
  21. ^ "Labour wins by a landslide in Malta". 11 March 2013.
  22. ^ "Malta government falls after PM Gonzi loses majority". BBC News. 10 December 2012.
  23. ^ "Labour wins by a landslide in Malta". EUobserver. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  24. ^ "Labour supporters celebrate big election victory - Majority exceeds 33,000 votes, 54% - Muscat says outcome better than expected". Times of Malta. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  25. ^ "Updated - Comodini Cachia snatches third seat for the PN in historic vote for women". Times of Malta. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  26. ^ Camilleri, Ivan (28 April 2017). "PD candidates to contest on PN list". Times of Malta. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  27. ^ "PN-AD coalition talks hit a snag". Times of Malta. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  28. ^ "'No coalition': PN-AD talks break down as parties refuse to budge on demands". Times of Malta. 1 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  29. ^ "Muscat to be sworn in tomorrow at 11am". Times of Malta. 4 June 2017.
  30. ^ "Watch: Simon Busuttil resigns along with deputy leaders, party administration - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  31. ^ "Adrian Delia wins PN leadership election with 52.7% of the vote - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  32. ^ "National results Malta | 2019 Election results | 2019 European election results | European Parliament". europarl.europa.eu/election-results-2019/en/. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  33. ^ Debono, James (30 January 2020). "[ANALYSIS] Would a name change solve the PN's identity crisis?". MaltaToday. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  34. ^ Bonnici, Julian (10 August 2021). "Yorgen Fenech Claimed Adrian Delia Messaged Him During 17 Black Debate". Lovin Malta. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Bernard Grech is new PN leader with 69.3% of votes". Times of Malta. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  36. ^ "Adrian Delia, Jason Azzopardi reconcile, PN cancels meeting". Times of Malta. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  37. ^ "How Jason Azzopardi helped Adrian Delia whitewash the facts". Times of Malta. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  38. ^ Malta, Lovin (1 March 2022). "Clarification". Lovin Malta. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  39. ^ "Updated | Mario Galea speaks out after withdrawing PN candidature: 'They made my life hell'". MaltaToday.com.mt. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  40. ^ Vella, Matthew (27 March 2022). "Bernard Grech will not step down, says he will contest PN leadership in party election". MaltaToday. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  41. ^ Cassar, George (2003). "Politics, Religion and Education in Nineteenth Century Malta 1800-1919" (PDF). Journal of Maltese Education Research. 1 (1). Faculty of Education, University of Malta: 96–118. ISSN 1726-9725.
  42. ^ Hans Slomp, Europe, A Political Profile, 2011, p.685
  43. ^ "Malta passes historic divorce law". BBC News. 25 July 2011.
  44. ^ "Nationalist Party MPs to vote in favour of gay marriage". Independent.com.mt.
  45. ^ "PN stops membership of lawyer, outed as former freemason". Timesofmalta.com. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  46. ^ a b c d "Partit Nazzjonalista" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  47. ^ "Annual report 2017" (PDF). electoral.gov.mt. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  48. ^ Hudson, David (15 June 2019). "PN Mosta sectional committee says it has lost faith in its party". Malta Today. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  49. ^ "Gozo to grow as a Region: Health, Transport, EU Funds". eppgroup.eu. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  50. ^ "tqarrija tal-Moviment Nisa Partit Nazzjonalista (MNPN)". pn.org.mt (in Maltese). 21 October 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  51. ^ Sammut, Carmen (2007). Media and Maltese Society. Lexington Books. p. 56. ISBN 9780739115268. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  52. ^ "Political party splits in Maltese history: how the PN and MLP went through schisms in the past - The Malta Independent". www.independent.com.mt. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
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